HEROISM AS PORTRAYED IN HENRY GILBERT’S NOVEL ROBIN HOOD AND RIZKI RIDYASMARA’S NOVEL PITUNG: A COMPARATIVE LITERATURE ANALYSIS

This thesis contains a study of comparative literature which involves two novels of different nations with similar motifs; heroism. The purpose of this study is to find out how heroism in the two novels and find the similarities and differences regarding the thirteen central features of the hero possessed by the leading character. The leading characters, Robin Hood and Pitung are the heroes who concern for other people in need, through their actions by stealing from the rich to give to the poor. The study also involves looking at the intrinsic elements to look at the similarities and differences found in the two novels. In completing the analysis, the writer uses the descriptive qualitative method which represents all the data in the forms of words and sentences. The writer collects data from various sources, including the novels Robin Hood by Henry Gilbert, Pitung by Rizki Ridyasmara, relevant books, articles, and journals to support the analysis. Based on the analysis it concluded that the novels show similarities and differences regarding the central features of the hero that is possessed by the two leading characters of both literary works. Robin Hood shows braver as physically act while Pitung shows more courage as mentally active.


Introduction
According to (Berens, 2010) the stories of heroes have been around for generations.From ancient god-like heroes such as Achilles, Odysseus, Perseus, and also quite difficult to define.There is no absolute truth, evaluation of things is seen from various aspects of society.According to (Ngafifi, 2014) with technological advancements, smartphones and the internet becomes something that can define 'who someone is because it has become something inseparable in most aspects of human lives.The person can be considered heroic only because they post something on social media about the issue that is happening, regardless of the fact if that person is much the same as doing nothing but self-recognition and publicity.Consequently, this condition is increasingly triggering the phenomenon of moral depletion in today's society.People become more apathetic of what might happens around them because they are more likely to enjoy their own lives in 'the cage of the internet'.
To truly identify heroes, one must understand the concept of heroism itself.Heroism is a concept that concerns other people in need of a concern to defend a moral cause, knowing there is a personal risk, done without expectation of reward.Nevertheless, in achieving the concept of heroism itself, heroes must also possess features like the quality that shows them reliability.One study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology states that true heroes have thirteen central features such as brave, moral integrity, courage, protection, convictional, honest, altruism, self-sacrificing, selflessness, determination, saving, inspiring, helpful.These central features of a hero, then, that show its utility in achieving the concept of heroism (Kinsella et al., 2015).
The hero represents the ideal of citizens transforming civic virtue into the highest form of civic action, accepting either physical peril or social sacrifice.The concept of heroism itself is often found in classical literature.The traditional epic hero often depicted as someone with extraordinary ability includes strength or courage as well as lives and dies in the pursuit of honor (Franco et al., 2011).Robin Hood and Pitung are several traditional epic heroes in classical literature in which shows the concept of heroism.They show how the traits of the hero itself, accepting either physical peril or social sacrifice on its journey to reach the goal as concern for other people in need although their actions are stealing from the rich to give to the poor.
The story of Robin Hood tells about one of the most legendary heroic characters from English folklore which subsequently featured in literature.One of the famous literary works which tell the story about Robin Hood is a novel by English author Henry Gilbert entitled Robin Hood.The novel Robin Hood tells about the legendary story of Robin Hood, who is well known for his actions of stealing from the rich to give to the poor.Set in the feudal days, Robin Hood himself has the real name Robin or Robert of Locksley, he was initially a man with nobility, a freeman or woman as it was termed.Robin held his land called the Outwoods in feudal land ownership or at a rent, so long his not absent and paid this to the monks they could not legally oust him from his place.One day, he traveled to the forest and got ousted from his land, his own home, and being proclaimed as an outlaw.Later, Robin takes to the Sherwood Forest which is also followed by his loyal servants called "Merry Men".In his escapes, many of his deadly enemies hunted him down.Accompanied by his Merry Men and armed with his high skills as an archer and swordsman, Robin Hood rises to against his deadly enemies as well as the challenge of protecting and aiding those who need it most.From the brief description, Robin Hood believes as an outlaw-heroes who fight for everyone's justice.
Another novel that also raises the legendary heroic character from folklore is Pitung by Rizki Ridyasmara.Pitung is one of the most legendary heroic characters from Indonesia.Pitung has many versions of the story.Nevertheless, based on the Book of Al Fatawi, Pitung is described as a group of warriors which consists of seven, that is Ratu Bagus Muhammad Roji'ih Nitikusumah, Ratu Bagus Abdul Qodir Nitikusumah, Ratu Bagus Rais Sonhaji Nitikusumah, Ki Saman, Abdul Somad, Jebul, and Radin Muhammad Ali Nitikusumah as the Pitung leader.
Similar to Robin Hood, Pitung is also well known for its action of stealing from the rich to give to the poor.Trained by their master Kyai Haji Naipin in Kebon Pala Pesantren, Pitung becomes a hero with high martial skills of Jayakarta which also known as Jayakarta Silat.Set in colonial times, Pitung willingly helped the people of Jayakarta from the oppression of the colonists and their accomplices in Jayakarta.One day, through newspapers and leaflets, Pitung deadly enemy Schout Van Hinne spread the fake news if Pitung was nothing more than a group of robbers who liked to kill and rape women.With the challenge of protecting and aiding those who need it most, Pitung tries to restore their good names by defeat Schout Van Hinne and its accomplices.This is the reason why the writer chooses these novels Robin Hood and Pitung as the object of the study.Regardless of the consideration if their actions are viewed as a crime for stealing from the rich, Robin Hood and Pitung show the concept of heroism because they concern for other people in need; a concern to defend a moral cause for the poor people.Being selfless, they willingly help and prioritize others above themselves without expecting anything in return.
To better understand the concept of heroism in Robin Hood and Pitung, it is necessary to discuss the character which is one important element in understanding literary works (Ismayani, 2017).This thesis analyzes the central features of the hero within the main characters through psychological, and sociological in which those central features of hero in the novel also shown to the character in society thus shows the development in the understanding of the concept of heroism; how its arise and extend to various places and nations in this world.Moreover, both novels come from different authors and different backgrounds of countries, each author tells the main character in the novel that they have written in different ways, certainly under their perspective cultures in the social life of their country.
Henry H. H. Remak (Ahi & Searcy, 2013) states that comparative literature is the study of literature beyond the confines of one particular country, and the study of the relationships between the literature on the one hand, and other areas of knowledge and belief, such as the arts (e.g., painting, sculpture, architecture, music), philosophy, history, the social sciences (e.g., politics, economics, sociology), the sciences, religion, etc., on the other.In brief, it is the comparison of one literature with another or others, and the comparison of literature with other spheres of human expression.Based on Remak's statement, it shows that in the study of comparative literature should be two objects with different cultural backgrounds being compared, as well as relate it with other sciences, religions, beliefs, etc.
Comparative literature wants to remove the assumption that one national literature is better than another national literature.All literature is seen as equal and equally important.As explained by Goethe (Mayasari, 2016) that literature is seen as a totality or universal phenomenon so that literature throughout the world becomes 'one', not divided and compartmentalized.
It is important to understand literary works (Minderop, 2010), especially classical literary works about heroism in which has many moral values that we can apply in the current generation.By understanding and applying this concept, we do not forget our nature as social beings who always need others and must help each other.Therefore, it will be easier to overcome the problems of moral depletion in society.

Method of Research A. Research Design
The method used in this research is the qualitative descriptive method.According to (Ary et al., 2018), qualitative research focuses on understanding social phenomena from the perspective of human participants in natural settings.Then, they state that descriptive research is research that asks questions about the nature, incidence, or distribution of variables; it involves describing but not manipulating variables.With the qualitative descriptive method, the data found are quotations and explanations in the novel Robin Hood and novel Pitung which subsequently leads to the aim of exploring the phenomena of heroism.With the qualitative descriptive method, the data found are quotations and explanations in the novel Robin Hood and novel Pitung which subsequently leads to the aim of exploring the phenomena of heroism.

B. Data and Data Source
The data that the writer found like quotations and explanations in form of words, phrases, and sentences.The data source for this thesis is divided into two, which are primary data and secondary data.The primary data source for this thesis is taken from the English novel Robin Hood written by Henry Gilbert in which published by Wordsworth Editions Limited, Hertfordshire Great Britain in 2018 with 288 pages, and the Indonesian novel Pitung written by Rizki Ridyasmara in which published by Salsabila Pustaka Al-Kautsar Grup Jakarta Indonesia in 2018 with 358 pages.While the secondary data are taken from various related books, journals, articles, and websites in which could support this thesis.

C. Data Collection
Data collection is carried out in several steps.As the first step, the writer reads the primary data English novel Robin Hood written by Henry Gilbert and Indonesian novel Pitung written by Rizki Ridyasmara thoroughly, over and over until understands it well.Then, the writer underlines the important sentences, dialogues, and quotations in both novels concerning heroism through its thirteen central features of hero on characters.The writer does the same things with the secondary data.The writer marks important information from various sources such as books, journals, articles, and websites that have a relationship with the problem which the writer is about to analyze.

D. Data Analysis
The writer has some steps in analyzing this research.The first step is re-reading the data.In this step, the writer re-reads the two novels: Henry Gilbert's novel Robin Hood and Rizki Ridyasmara's novel Pitung.As the second step, the writer interprets and analyzes both novels based on their similar motifs which are heroism, using the supporting theories, namely the theory of thirteen central features of hero by Elaine L. Kinsella, Timothy D. Ritchie, and Eric R. Igou, and the sociology of literature theory.The writer takes the quotation and explanation from both novels.
In analyzing both novels, the writer also compares the data from both novels which relates to the forms of heroism through its thirteen central features of hero.Finally, the writer concludes and summarizes the data.The writer finds out and denotes the similarities and differences in both novels (Mayasari, 2016).

E. Analysis and Findings
According to an American psychologist (Svoboda, 2013), heroism is a concept that concerns for other people in need a concern to defend a moral cause, knowing there is a personal risk, done without expectation of reward.
The term heroism historically underscores the importance of nobility of purpose or the principle underlying the heroic act.Thus, a concept that holds the only thing that exists is a matter of act and qualities of hero; that hero is considered as the warrior who lives and dies in the pursuit of honor.There are many implicit theories about heroism abound.Yet, theoretical or empirical work is still lacking to better understand the phenomenon because heroism has been a neglected topic in psychology.Elaine L. Kinsella, Timothy D. Ritchie, and Eric R. Igou in their research journal entitled Zeroing in on Heroes: A Prototype Analysis of Hero Features which published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, states that a true hero has thirteen central features such as brave, moral integrity, courageous, protective, convictional, honest, altruistic, self-sacrificing, selfless, determined, saving, inspiring, helpful.The central features of heroes themselves, then, shows their utility in achieving the concept of heroism.

Brave
Brave or bravery is often described as the ability to confront danger or pain without fear.It often requires a person to decide to act impulsively, proactively, decisively, and without too much thought.In taking brave actions, a person may be constrained by the social structure they are situated within, which includes several aspects such as physical condition, competence, confidence, and gender stereotypes or norms.A person who is physically strong, athletic, trained to respond to emergencies, or skillful in a domain may feel more capable of brave actions compared to persons who do not feel skilled to help.Through training and experience, a person may feel more competent in their own ability to demonstrate bravery in situations that involve physical risk.Further, the term brave is often associate with agentic and masculine stereotype behavior, such as speed, strength, impulsivity, fearlessness, quick-mindedness, and dealing with consequences after the action than to female stereotypes.

Moral Integrity
To have integrity, heroes must continuously follow the moral and ethical way of living no matter how difficult it may be.Moral integrity describes adherence to moral values and principles.Through moral integrity, heroes may exert a positive influence on others.

Courageous
Heroes are frequently associated with the words courageous and brave (Setianto, 2019).These adjectives are often used interchangeably and synonymously in public and academic terms, yet there are etymological differences in their meaning.The essence is the unyielding choice to fight and resist, but not necessarily in a physical sense, and to be proactive regardless of the possible consequences.Courage arises from a connection to a cause and is driven by motivation, love, devotion, compassion, or passion.Unlike bravery, courage is durable in which a hero is considered a lifelong hero.In other words, courage may represent an attribute that a person possesses and shows across different situations, rather than a fleeting state that is predominantly triggered by the situation.A person showing courage has a variety of deeper considerations such as relevance, rationality, until the possible consequences that may be obtained.Courage fits better with traditional descriptions of communal traits of compassion and concern for others.Displays of courage may inspire and motivate others to be proactive in their pursuit of a cause, perhaps empowering and inspiring others to behave heroically.

Protective
Derived from the Greek 'Heros' which means protectors, heroes appear to protects and defends the weak.The true hero must willingly protect and defend individuals or groups who are under threat.

Conviction
A hero is a person who has full dedication and loyalty to a cause for what they believe.

Honest
Honest is the respectable act that shows the hero as a good and truthful character such as not lying or not cheating (Gunawan, 2012) .Nevertheless, honest is considered as a lack of integrity because a person might tell the truth for what they believed was the right thing to do but not necessarily implies reliability or consistency in its principles and values.

Altruistic
Altruism is considered as the prosocial behavior that leads to heroism.It refers to the acts for the greater good, yet altruistic is the condition of helping others out of morality and unselfishness, but it is more like sharing what we have than sacrificing ourselves.Altruism is not always heroic, but heroic acts are always in some sense altruistic.8. Self-sacrificing It is the giving up of oneself or one own interest to help others or to advance a cause.Thus, heroes are the person who willing to sacrifice their own life or interest for what they believe will create greater good and for what they believe is right.

Selfless
Selflessness is the quality of concern for others' welfare over self.To truly serve the greater good, the true hero must be able to give themselves up in times of crisis to ensure public safety.10.Determined Determined or determination is considered as the force that embodies the possible to the actual.It appears as a focused and hardworking act of heroes.It is the strong feelings that show heroes are not weak or uncertain.With determination, heroism would not falter easily because true heroes do not give up when things look bleak; they do not allow anyone or anything could stop them.

Saving
A hero must willing to save others from danger, death, or harm although it may require sacrifice or putting their own lives at risk.12. Inspiring Heroes can be considered inspiring figures when they can give meaning to others by their positive influences.Therefore, this is what makes heroes admired by others.

Helpful
Heroes certainly appear as someone who capable of helping others (Prasetya & Hernawan Sulistyanto, 2017).They feel concerned and care for the people around them, and they can feel what those in need of help are feeling so that they see what needs to be done to help.Although it is similar to altruism, the act of help differs.In helpful, the desire to help others is done with the presence of direct reward or self-interest of the people who perform them.A hero acts willingly to help others that considered as their kin and being related to them

F. Heroism as Portrayed in Henry Gilbert's Novel Robin Hood
Robin Hood novel is an English novel written by Henry Gilbert.This novel tells the story of a classical legendary hero from England called Robin Hood that well-known as a unique hero because of the 'theft' actions he committed that is by stealing from the rich to give to the poor.
Tells of hard days in the middle ages where society lived with pestilence and trouble due to the condition of feudalism, in which society mainly divided into lords and peasants; the lords held the land from the king, the peasants or villeins were looked upon merely as part of the soil of the manors, and had to cultivate it to support their masters, Robin Hood novel takes place in England during the reign of Henry II -King John.Barnsdale forest becomes the first and frequently place to be mentioned by the author because Robin Hood living here, in which his own house and land, a farm of some hundred and sixty acres lay beside the Barnsdale forest and it is called the Outwoods, then Robin also spent a lot of his time to hunt in Barnsdale forest.Barnsdale or Barnsdale forest itself is an area of South Yorkshire, England.The area depicts thick woodland, rich with deer which claimed as the king's deer, thus most of the time many poor villains in those days like to travel to hunts deer to fill their hunger.Therefore, this area condition has been able to create Robin Hood as a hero character with strong physics, brave, and skilled as an archer for his hobby of hunting deer, besides its tradition of consuming venison that has various health benefits such as increasing muscle mass, strengthening bones, to preventing infection.
Robin Hood began his adventure in twenty-five years old and is described as having a bold physical condition in which he has a great limb, strength beyond his ages, being reckoned to be tall, his face and neck bronzed to a ruddy tan, as well as having eyes which shone shows fearlessly and noble.Having a face and neck bronzed to a ruddy tan shows Robin as a person who likes outdoor activities where her skin is exposed by wind and weather due to her hobby of hunting in the forest.Moreover, having a great limb shows him as physically strong and trained in which he is skilled as an archer who is accustomed to using arrows for hunting, as supported by the explanation that he is carrying a longbow.Therefore, it shows Robin Hood as the ideal representation of a hero who can confront danger without fear.
Robin Hood himself has the real name Robin or Robert of Locksley, he was a free man or woman as it termed.Robin held his land in feudal land ownership or at a rent, so long his not absent and paid this to the monks they could not legally oust him from his place.Nevertheless, Robin was told by his uncle, Old Stephen of Gamwell, that he was still a noble lineage in which three generations before, Robin's ancestors had been lords of Huntingdon town, owned broad lands, and many manors.But for having taken part in some revolt of the English against the Norman conqueror, their lands had been seized by the king, and his kinsmen continuously hunted into obscurity.Therefore, with the noble lineage and the background of warrior that had been flowing within his blood, Robin Hood grew up as a brave man, a hero who concern for other people in need, and stands for justice.
Robin's heroism began to reach its peak after his absence from the Outwoods was discovered by the lord's steward, thus proclaimed him as an outlaw.Robin, who describes as having travel to the forest to hunting has long been a target of enemies who want to oust him to possess his house and his land.Then, his heroism is also strongly associated with the personal matter of love story conflicts that Robin Hood himself faced with his beloved lady Fair Marian.At the beginning of the story, it tells that Marian would be seized in an ambuscade and forced to be married to a tyrannical knight named Sir Roger de Longchamp, but Robin saved her and killed de Longchamp.This love story conflicts then continues to trigger at the end of the story in which Marian is killed by one of Robin's enemies thus he demands revenge for it.Therefore, driven by personal conflicts, the presence of natural and social conflicts in which a condition of poor folk is getting worse by various oppressions until the pestilence, Robin Hood decided to be a hero who willingly helps the poor folk through his actions by stealing from the rich to give to the poor.Although his action was by 'stealing', Robin Hood is still considered achieved the concept of heroism because he shows his concern for other people in need; a concern to defend a moral cause for the poor folk who got oppressed by the tyrannical abbot, monks, lords, Sherif, and its accomplices.However, to achieve the concept of heroism itself, Robin Hood as a hero must also possess the features that show him as a reliable figure and can be trusted by others to create a greater good (Powers, 2010).
Based on the preceding explanation and analysis above, Robin Hood's heroism can be seen and summarize through the following table 1.

G. Heroism as Portrayed in Rizki Ridyasmara's Novel Pitung
Pitung is an Indonesian novel written by Rizki Ridyasmara.This novel told about the story of seven Betawi warriors called Pituan Pitulung or later known as Pitung.Similar to Robin Hod's novel, Pitung also a legendary story which famous for its actions to stole from the rich and gave it to the poor.Lead by Ratu Bagus Radin Muhammad Ali Nitikusumah, Ratu Bagus Muhammad Roji'ih Nitikusumah, Ratu Bagus Abdul Qodir Nitikusumah, Ratu Bagus Rais Sonhaji Nitikusumah, Ki Saman, Abdul Somad, and Jebul are the seven Betawi warriors who becomes hero that willingly helped the Jayakarta people from the colonists' oppression and its accomplices.
Set in colonial times or around the 1800s in which society in those times was also divided into several castes or classes: the Europeans as the highest caste or the most civilized, the Chinese as the merchants or the landlords in the second caste, Indians and Arabs in the third caste, and the most lower caste is Indonesians or also called Inlander by the Dutch colonial, Pitung novel takes place in Jayakarta or also known as Jakarta, Indonesia.
Pitung story begins by telling the family of Pitung leader, Radin Muhammad Ali Nitikusumah, who was ambushed and massacred by the colonialists and its accomplices.In this ambush, Ali's father, Ratu Bagus's Nurul Syamsirin Nitikusumah, died while trying to fight the tyranny of colonists and its accomplices.Ali's family himself is depicted as coming from nobility, in which a noble warrior and a descendant of the Aria Jipang dynasty with the family name 'Nitikusumah'; a direct descendant of Prince Aria Jepang, who was the grandson of Sultan Demak Raden Fatah.Therefore, makes Radin Ali grew up as a brave man, a hero who concern for other people in need and stands for justice.
With all these conditions of tyrannies and oppressions of the colonialists and their accomplices, Ali then pursuit his cause to learn Jayakarta Silat at Kyai Haji Naipin's Kebon Pala Pesantren at the age of twelve.During his education in its Kebon Pala Pesantren, Radin Muhammad Ali met with six other Pitung warriors, Ratu Bagus Muhammad Roji'ih Nitikusumah, Ratu Bagus Abdul Qodir Nitikusumah, Ratu Bagus Rais Sonhaji Nitikusumah, Ki Saman, Abdul Somad, and Jebul, who apparently also still a descendant of the Aria Jipang dynasty.Together with the other six, Ali was formed by their master Kyai Haji Naipin to become a hero figure for all misery of the poor people of Jayakarta, a resistance movement called Pituan Pitulung or also known as Pitung which means 'Seven Helpers' to fight the colonists and its accomplices.
As devout boarding school students that are based on Islamic teachings, Pitung's heroism is quite influenced by its conflict to be devout Muslims, a strong determination in achieving God's glory through a struggle to uphold Islamic truth and justice.Therefore, they consider that they act heroically not only due to their concern for others but also because it is an obligation as Muslims to struggle to uphold the truth towards Islam.
Although their action was by 'stealing', Pitung has still considered shows the concept of heroism because they concern for other people in need; a concern to defend a moral cause for the poor people who got oppressed by the colonialist and its accomplices (Ridyasmara, 2014).
Based on the preceding explanation and analysis above, Robin Hood's heroism can be seen and summarize through the following table 2. possible for other people in need, from food, money, to health recovery assistance.9.Both characters are having self-sacrifice, including social sacrifice.In Robin Hood novel, Robin, in the beginning, had to make a social sacrifice in which he lost his property and his name and ended up sacrificing himself in the hands of his aunt who compromised with one of his deadly enemy sir Roger of Doncaster while in Pitung novel, the seven warriors of Pitung, in the beginning, had to sacrifices their true identity, then ended up sacrificing one of Pitung warrior Ji'ih and leader of Pitung warrior Radin Muhammad Ali in the hands of their deadly enemy Schout Van Hinne.10.Both characters are depicted as being selfless to ensure public safety.11.Both characters are depicted as a hero with determination.Robin Hood and Pitung determined to create a greater good for the poor people and to defeat all tyrannies.12.Both characters appear as life-savior.Robin Hood and Pitung depicted put their concern for the safety of women.In Robin Hood novel, Robin often put his concern to women as his deep devotion to the Virgin Mary that made him always take special care to never hurt women while in Pitung novel, Pitung warriors put their concern to women as the condition in those days where women often become the target of kidnap and rape.13.Both characters considered inspiring figures and able to empower other people through their positive influences.14.Robin Hood's novel and Pitung's novel depict the similarity of leading characters as helpful figures for the close people around them.In Robin Hood's novel, Robin often assists such as food until that involves physical risk.A similar thing also depicts in Pitung's novel, in which Pitung warriors assist such as money to their close people around.

I. The Differences of The Central Features of Heroes in Henry Gilbert's Novel
Robin Hood and Rizki Ridyasmara's Pitung 1.There are differences in bravery depicts towards both characters.In Robin Hood's novel, Robin Hood as the leading character shows more bravery with his skills as an archer and swordsman while in Pitung's novel, the Pitung warriors show less bravery act with their high martial skills of Jayakarta or also known as the Jayakarta Silat.These differences influenced by the backgrounds of Robin Hood which has skill as an archer and swordsman autodidact or self-taught for his hobby to hunt in the forest and its tradition of consuming venison that has various health benefits such as increasing muscle mass, strengthening bones, to preventing infection, thus made him more capable and confident to shows bravery in situations that involves physical risk to save others; while the Pitung warriors get their skills of Jayakarta Silat as their education in Kyai Haji Naipin's Kebon Pala Pesantren.Nevertheless, Pitung performs more courageous actions that do not necessarily involve physical risk or more persuasive ways, such as education, and political movements to fight colonialism.2. There are differences in the moral integrity of both characters.In Robin Hood novel, Robin shows his strong moral principles to never hurt women as his deep devotion to the Virgin Mary but his action of stealing from the rich to give to the poor shows less integrity because Robin also taking advantage of some property that he had seized for his welfare with Merry Men while in novel Pitung, Pitung warriors show themselves as possesses more strong moral integrity in taking no advantage from their actions to stealing from the rich to give to the poor because their welfare towards movement costs is coming from donations from others who sympathize. 3.There are differences in the depiction of conviction between Robin Hood and Pitung.Robin as the lead character in Robin Hood novel shows conviction in his skills as an archer and swordsman, and his firm beliefs towards the Virgin Mary made him had a conviction to defeat his enemies while Pitung warriors in Pitung novel show themselves as more conviction to struggle till death as its deep devotion to Allah SWT in which they consider the victory of life in heaven would be achieved when they died for righteousness.Therefore, Pitung shows significant self-sacrifices than Robin Hood. 4. In Robin Hood novel, Robin Hood depicts as a leader for his poor folk resistance movement Merry Men as they considered Robin has brought positive influences to fight tyrannies then Robin increasingly admired by others even got worshipped like God while in Pitung novel, Pitung warriors depict as inspiring figure thus he received many assistances such as money, weapons, and resistance map from those who sympathize and Pitung deep devotion as Muslims who is under the law of Allah SWT as their God made them humble and could not take it if they got worshiped like a God when they increasingly admired.

Conclusion
Robin Hood and Pitung conclude that there are similarities in the motif found in the two novels with two different backgrounds of countries, as well as the differences.Both novels also show how the heroes possess its thirteen central features of the hero.As we know, the hero is common across times and cultures.The two novels depict the ways heroism and its thirteen central features of hero possess by the heroes from two different cultural backgrounds.
Both novels show how the heroes as the leading characters possess the thirteen central features of the hero that show them achieve the concept of heroism, regardless of their actions of stealing from the rich to give to the poor.Robin Hood and Pitung depict the heroes with high martial skills in which Robin Hood is highly skilled as an archer and swordsman while Pitung is skilled with high martial skills of Jayakarta or Jayakarta Silat.Nevertheless, Robin Hood shows himself as the hero who meets the criteria of serving as a brave hero, while Pitung shows themselves serving as a courageous hero.This difference then shows how cultural background can influence heroes in taking heroic acts.
The depiction of Pitung as a hero who took more courageous actions in which they mainly use persuasive ways as a form to act heroically is quite influenced by its backgrounds that came from Indonesia as one of the countries which reflect on eastern culture.Pitung's persuasive ways since its beginning, such as visiting their predecessors to stay in touch introducing their movements as well as asking for advice and support, show the strong eastern culture that highly upholds the values that grow in society, especially those related to the value of politeness.Therefore, this also makes Pitung has more moral integrity than Robin Hood in acting politely against their enemies.Although their enemies have tried to harm and kill them, Pitung's strong moral principles to act politely towards their enemies as a mandate from their master Haji Naipin and obligation as Muslims make Pitung still give mercy to their enemies.Different from Pitung, Robin Hood who came from England as one of the countries that reflect on western culture in which well-known for its quick-mindedness and to the point makes him likely to act impulsively, proactively, decisively, and without too much thought.Thus, he not much uses persuasive methods such as visiting predecessors to stay in touch introducing its movement as well as asking for advice and support, but more taking brave action that involves physical in act heroically.
Based on the conclusion above, it can be seen how the central features of the hero as the quality to achieve the concept of heroism is historically, culturally, and situationally determined.
Comparative literature would help the readers to open up their eyes and look at different literary works from different backgrounds of countries and cultures which represents the respective society that possibly have the same phenomenon.The writer then hopes this study could be useful for anyone interested in studying literature, especially the comparative literature and sociology of literature.In the end, the writer hopes that readers can develop this study, especially the students of English Literature in USU.