OVERLAP
IN SKY SPORT FOOTBALL DEBATE: �MESSI VS RONALDO � IS THE DEBATE FINALLY OVER ?�
Nashr Hamid
Abu Zayd1, Ruminda2, Hasbi Assiddiqi3
English Literature, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung
Email: [email protected]1, [email protected]2, [email protected]3
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ABSTRACT |
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Keywords: Overlap, Types Overlap, Reasons Overlap, Debate. |
One of the turn-taking
infractions in discourse is overlapping. It happens when the following
speaker interrupts the present speaker while they are still speaking, so
denying them their turn. Although overlap is still a common occurrence and
many speakers are ignorant of its forms and causes, this does not imply that
it is always troublesome because, depending on the circumstances, it can
sometimes be unproblematic. As a result, they have been unable to effectively
employ overlap between those who and do not interrupt the discourse. Thus,
this study's goal is to classify the many types of overlap that are created
and examine the reasons of overlap in the debate in the video "Messi VS
Ronaldo - Is The Debate Finally Over?" Descriptive qualitative methodology
was employed in this study, and documentation was the method of data
collection. The primary theories that are employed are Schegloff's (2000)
categories of overlap and Wardhaugh's (1985) explanations of overlap. The
researcher discovered the kinds of overlap that took place and the underlying
causes based on the data analysis of the dispute between the two football
players. It is intended that this study would assist individuals in making
appropriate use of overlap and avoiding overlap that might interfere with a
interview. |
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INTRODUCTION
It has been more than
a decade that the most talked about topic in the world of football is about
Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. It has been one of the most heated and
long-lasting discussions in the world of sports, especially football. Both
players have been breaking records and winning individual awards and leading
their teams to success both at club and international level for over ten years.
This has led to many debates among supporters, football professionals, and even
other football players. The focus of this research adopts one such debate which
is outlined in the video�Messi VS Ronaldo - Is this the debate finally
over?� which was posted on YouTube exclusively. In the video, the speakers
argue who deserves to be the best player of all time whether it is Messi or
Ronaldo. Where both players have their own advantages, Messi is known for his
intelligence and great playing vision while Ronaldo is known for his hard work
and high fighting power, with which they have received many individual awards
both from their clubs and from the world soccer federation, FIFA. This
brilliant achievement has sparked a debate between them as to who deserves to
be named the best player of all time or known by the abbreviation GOAT
(Greatest of All Time).
This research object
features a very intense discussion by experts regarding the two players. There
are three speakers in this research object video, the first is Rachel Stringer
as the host, then there are Zac Djellab and Kyle Walker as speakers who debate
between Messi and Ronaldo. More than that, this debate also explores the
potential of the two players in crucial moments such as in the final match of a
major tournament. That is the reason why this object was chosen as the topic of
discussion because it symbolizes the eternal battle in sports that divides fans
into two very harsh camps. The debate is not just about statistics and basic
player issues, it also involves emotions and subjective opinions such as
loyalty to a club or national team. Perhaps it is also the case that the
Ronaldo and Messi discussion is one of the hottest discussions that allows for
a rich context to analyze the communication. The video is filled with
overlapping conversations between speakers trying to defend their position in
the conversation, often talking over each other. In debates like this there is
often an intense exchange of opinions and interrupting of others and it is this
phenomenon that caught my attention, as this kind of verbal interaction allows
for a lot to be analyzed. Furthermore, the efforts made by the speaker to win
the argument at all costs are also very interesting to discuss and research.
The object of
research that I researched is included in the context of debate because
according to Wimala (2021) it is mentioned in a type of debate called American
debate. In this American debate, each speaker prepares a theme in advance
through careful collection of materials and compiling statements / arguments
appropriately. In this American debate, the speakers are usually people who are
experts in debate or already have good public speaking skills. This is relevant
to the object I am researching because in the video two expert football
influencers are presented, then they prepare materials and then convey their
respective opinions regarding the figures they support, namely Messi and
Ronaldo. Then on the Sky Sport Football Youtube channel, it is also
stated that the video is included in the debate content. In contrast to other
content, there are football shows and also analysis of a football rumor, match
and player transfer.
Not only that, the
selection of this object is also very relevant to the theory taken. The debate
between Messi and Ronaldo is not just a local phenomenon, but has become a
global topic that has often been discussed by various groups, both from
children to adults. This can be seen from the number of views on the video
which reached more than 300,000 viewers from various countries and different
backgrounds. This shows that the debate between the two players has a universal
appeal, engaging fans to discuss this never-ending issue. In addition, what
makes this debate even more interesting to study is because these two players
have made an extraordinary history and can be said to be world soccer legends.
But because of the many fans of both players, there are also many debates
around the world that create intense debate discussions and each side tends to
overlap when arguing. This provides an interesting opportunity for further
research.
After the object
discussed, the perspective taken in this study focuses on overlap as a
conversational phenomenon that arises in emotional debates. This occurs when
more than one speaker speaks simultaneously or interrupts another, usually to
emphasize a point that is directly related to the point made by the
interlocutor, or it can also be when the speaker disagrees with the argument
spoken by the interlocutor, so there will be cuts in a discussion or debate.
This happens quite normally and naturally because the topic discussed in the
debate was very intense, namely the debate between Messi and Ronaldo. Then the
fans of the two players usually have high loyalty to defend their idols,
therefore all abilities will be mobilized to win this debate. It should also be
underlined that Messi and Ronaldo are actually friends but it is only their
fans who make it seem as if they are enemies. Even though they still compete
healthily and become rivals when on the field only.
This general study of
overlap theory has several benefits and objectives in this research. To help
understand how this overlap occurs in a conversation, especially a debate like
the object of my study. Then it helps to know what the purpose is produced from
the conversation after this overlap occurs, whether there is a special meaning
or other meaning from an overlap. And finally, it helps us to know how the
overlap affects each speaker and what effect it has. Although overlap in
conversation is often called a grammatical offense, in the context of intense
debate it is a natural and unavoidable part of verbal interaction.
Overlap in
conversation has previously been studied by several researchers. However, the
previous research examined a debate between presidential candidates and also on
several talk shows. Then overlapping in a debate is not just an interruption,
but a strategy to defend the position of the argument and the right to speak.
As for the purpose, usually in this debate it aims to dominate the debate, try
to break the opponent's argument and also speed up the delivery of opinions.
Overlapping in conversation, can tell us about how turn-taking occurs in
everyday verbal interactions as illustrated by Schegloff (2000). In this
context, interruptions can be a form of maintaining control over the
conversational floor. In an additional study, Jefferson (1986) examined the
treatment of overlap in everyday speech as a sign of being active in the
interaction, although in the context of debate it is considered a form of
verbal competition.
The new contribution
of this research is to explore the role that conversational overlap plays in
emotionally heated debates, particularly in football. While the issue of
overlap has been addressed in many studies in everyday conversational or
conversational interactions and in formal mediated events, there has been
little work on the issue within areas where debates circulate through media
channels, such as sports debates that involve highly emotional elements. This
research aims to fill that void by investigating the ways in which panelists
engage in overlap through �Messi VS Ronaldo - Is this debate finally over?!�
videos as a way to strengthen their arguments or to deter debate opponents.
Therefore, the findings from this study not only contribute to the
communication of football debates, but also enable a better understanding of
conversational strategies in situations that generate emotional tension.
Although sport
is one of the contexts that is often overlooked in conversational analysis,
many are also affected by the outcome of this particular debate about soccer.
Therefore, this research represents a new approach to conversational overlap by
exploring the topic of soccer debates, but more specifically about whether
Messi or Ronaldo is the greater. In addition, this debate phenomenon also shows
how platforms such as social media and YouTube shape the communication patterns
displayed by fans. Because debates in this modern age are not just limited to a
single location or space, but have reached a virtual place where verbal
interactions have become much more complex as larger audiences observe every
word and challenging counter-arguments have been prepared in a short period of
time.
This study is
also important because there is a dearth of research exploring overlapping
emotions in conversations in public spaces such as YouTube. Although some
studies have investigated the interaction between emotions and conversational
interruptions, they have generally examined formal interpersonal contexts such
as interviews, everyday conversations and debates between presidential
candidates. As in Handayani's journal, which is about overlap in talk shows and
also Hartono's journal, namely overlap in the Indonesia Lawyers Club program.
Therefore, this study aims to extend the current state of conversation analysis
by applying it to sports debates laden with emotions and opinions on social
media. Thus, this research is not only an advancement in the theoretical realm
of pragmatics and conversation analysis, but also provides a better
understanding of what digitization through social media means for our
communicative practices. It also addresses the shortcomings found in academic
research on language and sport, as debates among fans differ from general
investigations of conversation. This research offers a unique explanation of
communication in sports debates by combining pragmatic overlap theory and
conversational analysis in the context of an increasingly competitive digital
age that demands emotional connection.
The important
point is that this object is relevant to academia as well as the real world.
Because this will enrich pragmatic studies especially on the topic of overlap
in this conversation. Then this will add insight for soccer fans as well,
especially fans of Messi and Ronaldo how the meaning of overlap itself in the
context of intense and emotional debates. This research also offers a unique
perspective by combining pragmatic overlap theory and also the phenomenon of
global debates that often occur on social media, as the object I took was a
video of a debate discussion uploaded by a YouTube account called Sky Sports
Football. This reflects that conversational strategies including overlap
are used as a way to defend a position and most importantly to win an emotional
debate.
With the
development of technology, the interactions that occur on various digital
platforms are quite frequent and not only in academic forums or formal
discussions as usual. And the object of research becomes clear because it
already exists in the form of Youtube upload videos. Actually, there are many
debates that occur on various social media, be it Facebook, Instagram, Twitter
and so on. But usually the soccer debate there occurs in writing or textually.
Therefore, I took the video object to make it clearer and more concrete. Then
this research focuses on three main areas, the first is what overlap occurs
during the debate between Messi and Ronaldo, then what meaning is produced
afterwards, then what influence the overlap has on each speaker.
This study aims
to provide a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of conversational overlap
in highly emotional debates, such as the debate between Messi and Ronaldo.
Using conversation analysis as the main method, this research will explore how
verbal strategies such as overlap are used to maintain arguments and dominance
in debates that are widely witnessed on digital media. By focusing on
conversational dynamics on platforms such as YouTube, this research not only
enriches the study of pragmatics, but also offers relevant insights into verbal
interactions in the digital age. The contribution of this research is expected
to make a meaningful contribution to communication studies, especially in the
context of sports debates, and become a foundation for future research in the
field of pragmatics and digital media.
METHOD
This research uses a qualitative method which
focuses on conversation analysis, where this research aims to analyze the
overlap phenomenon that occurs in the video of Sky Sport Football debate
between Messi and Ronaldo. This qualitative research method is used because it
is more suitable and also effective for examining the object in this study,
namely the debate that talks about Messi and Ronaldo. In addition, this method
is also very suitable for the object of research because it can explore
conversational interactions in depth. This research not only identifies the
forms of overlap that occur in a debate, but also analyzes the functions and
factors that influence the emergence of this overlap itself. The influencing
factors include the unique emotional and competitive dynamics in a debate.
This approach through conversation analysis was
introduced by Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson in 1974 and became the main
approach in analyzing conversation structure in detail. Also included in this
research is the form of overlap in a debate. In this context, overlap is seen
as a form of response where each speaker makes a communication response
quickly, be it to refute, respond, or it could also be to emphasize and
strengthen a statement/opinion. As a conversation analysis approach, it is
intended to examine conversations/debates that are natural and not contrived.
Therefore, the debate between Ronaldo and Messi is appropriate as the object of
this research because it is in accordance with the theory and approach used.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This research focuses on analyzing the overlap in the
Messi vs Ronaldo debate contained in the Sky Sport Football video. Overlap
occurs when there is more than one speaker speaking at the same time which
disrupts the turn structure and conversation (Schegloff, 2000). To understand
the overlap phenomenon, this study focuses on 2 important points, namely the
type of overlap and also the cause of overlap. The theory that will be used in
this study is based on Schegloff's theory and Wardhaugh's theory.
According to Schegloff (2000), there are four types of
overlap that are related to turn-taking and disrupt the structure of
turn-taking and conversation. The first is �terminal overlap�, this
overlap occurs when a new speaker completes their turn while the previous
speaker is about to finish their turn (Schegloff, 2000). So this overlap only
occurs in the last few words of the speaker and is not very long. Conveniently,
this overlap occurs at the end of the speaking turn. The second is �continuers�,
this overlap occurs when the other speaker gives signals such as �uh-huh�
or �hmm�, this serves to show attention or support the speaker without taking
over the turn. In this overlap, the speaker can continue their turn without
being cut off by the overlap.
Furthermore, the third is �conditional access to
the turn�, where this overlap occurs involving the participation of both
speakers, but with a specific purpose, such as to ask for clarification or add
certain points. This condition occurs when the listener feels the need to
access the turn because there is a need for additional information. This
overlap often occurs in the context of clarifications or direct responses that
are considered urgent. Finally, �choral� occurs when multiple speakers
simultaneously produce the same response, such as laughing or mentioning the
same expression at almost the same time. Choral overlap is generally not
intended to disrupt the flow of speech, but to reinforce a response or
agreement between speakers. In the context of debates, choral overlap often
reinforces emotional agreement or collective reaction to a particular argument,
whereas conditional access allows for quick and urgent responses to the
arguments presented, reflecting the high intensity and engagement between participants.
For the cause of the overlap itself, we will use
Wardhaugh's theory. According to Wardhaugh (1985), there are several factors
that cause overlap to occur. First is �asking for help�, this reason
occurs when someone overlaps to ask for help when they are unsure or need
clarification regarding the matter being discussed. The second is �breaking
up�, this occurs when there is an attempt to interrupt the conversation or
divert attention from the topic at hand. These two types of causes of overlap
reflect the way listeners manage information when they are unsure or want to
intervene in a particular topic.
Third is �seeking clarification�, this happens
when listeners overlap to ask for further explanation or clarify topics that
may be poorly understood. Fourth is �correcting�, this overlap occurs
when someone feels the need to correct the information or statement uttered by
the speaker. Fifth, �disagreeing�, this overlap occurs when there
is disagreement and this signifies a form of direct rejection of the
interlocutor. These three types of overlap causes arise in situations when the
listener feels the need to clarify or correct what was said earlier.
The sixth cause is �completing�, this overlap
can occur when someone tries to complete a sentence or statement from another
speaker, especially if they feel they know where the conversation is going. And
the last is �agreeing�, where this overlap is done as a form of support
or agreement that shows that the listener agrees or agrees with the statement
conveyed. It is usually expressed through the words �well', �right�, �exactly�,
and many more. Wardhaugh points out that both types of overlap occur in collaborative
contexts, where the listener is trying to reinforce the speaker's message or
show support by complementing or agreeing with the previous statement. Then
both types of overlap usually show a cooperative dynamic between speaker and
listener that strengthens harmony in the conversation.
After conducting research on conversational overlap
during the soccer debate in the video Messi VS Ronaldo - Is the debate Finally
over?. This research examined what types of overlaps occurred during the debate
and how they occurred and their impact on the flow and dynamics of the
discussion. As this debate revolves around one of football's most polarizing
topics, it features emotionally charged exchanges and competitive turn-taking
strategies, making it a rich venue for pragmatic analysis.
|
No |
Reasons of Overlap |
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1. |
Asking For Help |
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2. |
Breaking Up |
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3. |
Seeking Clarification |
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4. |
Correcting |
|
5. |
Disagreeing |
|
6. |
Completing |
|
7. |
Agreeing |
The analysis began by categorizing the types of
overlaps observed in the debate, guided by conversation theory, specifically
Schegloff's (2000) framework on turn-taking and interruption. It then
interprets theory from Wardhaugh (1985) on the reasons for overlaps, whether
they signal agreement, competitive interruptions, or attempts to dominate the
conversational floor. Finally, the discussion explores how these overlaps
affect the rhetorical strategies of the participants and the overall tone of
the debate, providing insights into the intersection of sport discourse and
pragmatics.
|
No |
Types of Overlap |
|
1. |
Terminal Overlap |
|
2. |
Continuers |
|
3. |
Conditional Acces to
The Turn |
|
4. |
Choral |
After analyzing the
conversational data in the Sky Sport Football debate video using the overlap
theory, the author discusses the entire data to answer the research problem.
The researcher found several types of overlap and the underlying reasons that
occur in the video �Messi vs Ronaldo - Is The Debate Finally Over?�.
�
Data I
Walker: "����������������������������������������
[hehe]�
Walker: �What are we comparing?you're just comparing
maybe what you [love of football], what some people will love goals, who's got
more goals?Cristiano Ronaldo."
Djellab: "������������������������������� [yeah]
����������������������������������������������������������� [yeah]
[i think it can just come down to personal preference], right?if you are a guy
that love seeing just a physical specimen, get the ball in the black of the
net, then Ronaldo is maybe your preference and also if you were maybe United
fans in the early, and you also probably are a Ronaldo fans as well, but when
it comes down tu pure footballing ability, it is Lionel Messi."
����������� In the transcript, there are several types and
reasons why overlaps occur. By type there are several overlaps that appear in
the dialog, the first is continuers. This overlap appears when Walker laughs
briefly when Djellab is saying �i'm not saying Ronaldo is bad�. In this
section, Walker responded with a short laugh that aimed to show attention or
support the speaker without taking over the turn of speech (Schegloff, 2000).
Then when Djellab responded to Walker's statement with �yeah� it was
also included in the continuers type because he only gave a brief response
indicating agreement without interrupting and taking over the turn of speech.
In addition, the type of overlap that occurs in the dialog is terminal overlap.
Where when Djellab said �I think it can just come down to personal
preference�, it happened when Walker almost finished his conversation,
therefore the overlap that occurred was terminal overlap, according to
Schegloff (2000), terminal overlap occurs when someone overlaps where the
previous speaker has almost finished his conversation.
As for the reason why the overlap occurs, there are
several reasons that make the speaker do it. The first is agreeing, according
to Wardhaugh (1985), agreeing becomes a reason for the overlap as a form of
support or agreement that shows that the listener agrees with the statement
conveyed by the speaker. This corresponds to Walker who laughed briefly as a
response of agreement, then Walker showed that he agreed and appreciated the
views given by Djellab without interrupting his flow of speech. Then when Djellab
says �yeah�, the same reason is agreeing where Djellab also agrees with
Walker's statement, but the difference is when he says �I think it can just
come down to personal preference�, there is another reason that makes
Djellab overlap, the reason is completing where when someone feels the need to
complete the sentence or statement (Wardhaugh, 1985). This is consistent with
Djellab who directly explains that preferences can be based on emotional
influences such as the relationship between Ronaldo and Manchester United.
�
Data II
Djellab: "He has a
fantastic heading and leaping ability, and Messi just doesn't have that side to
it, however heading isn't really football like that's not when you think of
football, it's not heading the ball in the back of the net realistically, it's
about taking the ball, dribbling, [and]
Walker: "[wait,
wait, wait] heading is part of the game."
Djellab: "[it's
part], if i went to you are, like how amazing is football, heading is not going
to be in your top [five]"
Walker: "[No] but
when you talk about certain players, they've got certain attributes, David
Beckham great free kick taker, you don't talk about him or you don't discredit
him for the other things.
In this conversation, there is overlap and underlying
reasons. Djellab is comparing Ronaldo's header skills with Messi's, then he
emphasizes that headers are not the main aspect of football, while dribbling is
more reflective. There then Walker overlaps by saying �wait, wait, wait�,
the overlap that occurs is conditional access to the turn, according to
Schegloff (2000), this overlap occurs when the speaker feels the need to access
the turn for certain purposes such as the need for additional information. Then
he added that heading is part of soccer. And the reason Walker overlaps is
correcting, which Walker needs to straighten out that the ability to head the
ball is part of soccer.
On the other hand, Djellab also overlapped with the
reasons of agreeing and seeking clarification, he said �it's part�, he
agreed with Walker's statement about heading is part of football and he also
clarified his statement that heading is part of football but not the main
thing. According to Wardhaugh (1985), seeking clarification can occur when the
speaker wants to clarify a point that is not understood. Conditional access to
the turn is also a type of overlap in this section because it occurs when
Djellab needs to access his turn because he needs additional information. But
overlap also occurs again when Walker says a confident �No� to Djellab
when saying �heading is not going to be in your top five�, conditional
access to the turn is again this type of overlap and the reason Walker does
this overlap is breaking up and correcting, where Walker immediately cuts off
the conversation and corrects thatheading is a skill like David Beckham
who has a very good free kick ability.
�
Data III
Walker: "Shearer
great got he could score the most Premier League goals crown, we're not
comparing headed goals come on
Djellab: " [but
we're not comparing]
Djellab: " [yeah,
but we're not comparing them as the greatest player of all time] and so don't
get me wrong, Ronaldo gets the heading one fine by me, [tick next to Ronaldo],
but then the most creative player that's the craziest thing for me right with
messi, is when you think about the best goal scorer is Lionel Messi, the best
dribbler is Lionel Messi, the best set piece taker is Lionel Messi, and then
when he's got all of that, he's the best creative player of all time as well,
and like he's the better teammate.
Walker: [hahaha, okay]
Still related to the previous conversation, Walker and
Djellab are discussing the difference between Ronaldo and Messi's skills. Here
Walker mentions that Shearer can score the most goals in the Premier League,
this relates to the previous context when Walker discussed each player has
their own attributes or advantages. And Walker also explained that he was not
discussing goals through heading, that's where Djellab overlapped and the type
of overlap was terminal overlap, according to Schegloff (2000), terminal
overlap occurs when someone overlaps where the speaker is close to completing
it. Here Djellab is in accordance with Schegloff's theory, where he overlaps
when Walker is about to finish her talk. Then the reason he overlaps is
agreeing and correcting, he explains that �but we're not comparing them as a
greatest player of all time�, he implies agreement with Walker's views but
with a different focus.
In addition, another reason for Djellab's overlap is
seeking clarification, where Djellab makes it clear that his views on Messi's
all-round expertise, such as the best goalscorer, the best creative player, and
a good teammate. But before that he also acknowledged that Ronaldo has
excellent heading skills, and Walker responded with a laugh. This is also one
of the overlaps, namely choral, according to Schegloff (2000), choral occurs
when the speaker has the same opinion and issues the same response. Walker responded
to Djellab's words when he said that Ronaldo has a very good ability to head
the ball, he laughed and said �okay�, which means Walker agreed with
Djellab's expression. And the reason for the overlap is agreeing, where Walker
shows agreement with the statement delivered.
In the
highly passionate debate video, �Messi vs. Ronaldo: Is this debate finally
over?�, this study investigates the phenomena of conversational overlap.
This study analyzes the kinds of overlaps that occur in passionate soccer talk
and explains them using the perspectives of pragmatic theory and conversation
analysis. The results demonstrate how speakers strategically employ overlap,
whether it be as a means of challenging opposing views, as an interruption to
establish control, or as a tool to support their position in competitive talks.
According to analysis, conversational overlap in these disputes reflects the
speakers' emotional investment and rhetorical devices in addition to being a
distraction. Overlaps can highlight the participants' dedication to their
individual positions, promote lively discussion, and deepen the debate. This is
consistent with earlier studies by Jefferson (1986) and Schegloff (2000), who
found that overlap is essential for controlling turns and accomplishing
conversational objectives, particularly in situations that are emotionally
charged.
Furthermore,
this study emphasizes how important it is to examine sports discussions as
miniature representations of larger discursive practices on websites like
YouTube. Understanding the overlapping phenomena provides insights into how
emotional engagement impacts communication dynamics at a time when discussions
cross physical boundaries and become a part of a global digital conversation.
This research bridges the gap between conversation analysis and sports
discourse by bringing attention to this understudied topic and advancing the
study of pragmatics and digital engagement. The study also lays the groundwork
for future investigations into overlap in various digital contexts, improving
our comprehension of conversational tactics in a communication environment that
is becoming more interconnected and competitive.
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� � 2025 by the
authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY SA)
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). |
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